According to UNHCRs March report on Sahrawi refugees in Tindouf, the government protected a significant number of refugees in five camps in Tindouf and a smaller urban refugee population, primarily in Algiers. )from petroleum and other liquids: 57.867 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and Women said 60 percent of the recipients of government microcredit loans for small businesses were women. A court sentenced him to five years in prison, plus a DZD 100,000 ($850) fine. Labor standards do not protect economic migrants from sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere working in the country without legal immigration status, which made them vulnerable to exploitation. ), total petroleum production: 1,414,800 bbl/day (2021 est. translate the Arabic "baladiyah," but they're essentially the same thing.). codes were assigned to those departments whose names had changed. Oxford University Press, New York, 1951. The NGOs reported harassment and threats of imprisonment by government authorities. Police arrested and interrogated some of the demonstrators and released them after about an hour. During the year the DGSN conducted nine training sessions on human rights, including for all new cadets. Since 1975, Algeria also has been the main recipient of Sahrawi refugees from the ongoing conflict in Western Sahara (today part of Morocco). Illegal migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Malians, Nigeriens, and Gambians, continue to come to Algeria in search of work or to use it as a stepping stone to Libya and Europe. )transmission/distribution losses: 9.897 billion kWh (2019 est. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 352,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. )spirits: 0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The DGSNs human rights office, created in July 2017, reported that it was leading seminars and workshops with the National Human Rights Council to provide additional human rights training to its officers. )2.42% (2020 est. Constantine, and Oran, after their capitals. )note: data cover central government debt as well as debt issued by subnational entities and intra-governmental debt, -$4.608 billion (2021 est. For the first two thirds of the 20th century, Algeria's high fertility rate caused its population to grow rapidly. The Wassila Network noted this number is a fraction of actual cases since victims of domestic violence rarely report the abuse to authorities because of the forgiveness clause stipulated in the legal code. The resulting division was as shown below. New FIPS Many organizations reported that they never received a deposit slip and that even with the receipt; it was difficult to conduct necessary administrative tasks without formal accreditation. Algeria's economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 7.23% (2021 est. In September the Ministry of Communication stated there were 268 accredited written publications. split from Blida; Tissemsilt formed from parts of Alger and Tiaret. It changes the spelling of one province from The constitution provides for the protection of a persons honor and private life, including the privacy of home, communication, and correspondence. Once registered, organizations must inform the government of their activities, funding sources, and personnel, including notification of personnel changes. Although ANEP said in September that it represented only 19 percent of the total advertising market, nongovernmental sources assessed the majority of daily newspapers depended on ANEP-authorized advertising to finance their operations. [7] "Population rsidente par age, par sexe et par wilaya", pdf file downloaded from. FIS membership is illegal. They were The law provides for criminal penalties of two to 10 years in prison for official corruption, but the government did not fully implement the law. 1957-07-01: New department codes assigned to the thirteen departments. The Ministry of Interior may deny a license to or dissolve any group regarded as a threat to the governments authority or to public order, and on several occasions failed to grant, in an expeditious fashion, official recognition to NGOs, associations, religious groups, and political parties. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and Women leads a national committee composed of 12 ministries and NGOs that meets yearly to discuss child labor issues. (An igamie is the ), potatoes, wheat, milk, watermelons, barley, onions, tomatoes, oranges, dates, vegetables, petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing, agriculture: 10.8%industry: 30.9%services: 58.4% (2011 est. )6.7% of GDP (2020 est. Newspapers reported that the government restricted foreign tourists from traveling through trails in Tassili and Hoggar, as well as certain areas in and around Tamanrasset, due to security concerns. tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List Algeria does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government made key achievements during the reporting period, therefore Algeria was upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List; authorities identified more trafficking victims, increased investigations and prosecutions, while continuing to convict traffickers; Algeria partnered with international organizations to train officials and conduct public awareness campaigns; however, government identification of and services for victims remained insufficient; authorities continued to punish some potential victims for unlawful acts traffickers compelled them to commit (2022)trafficking profile: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims; Algerian women and girls are vulnerable to sex trafficking due to financial problems or after running away from home; undocumented sub-Saharan migrants are vulnerable to labor and sex trafficking and are exploited in restaurants, houses, and informal worksites; sub-Saharan men and women needing more funds for their onward journey to Europe work illegally in construction and commercial sex and are vulnerable to sex trafficking and debt bondage; foreign women and girls, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa, are subject to sex trafficking in bars and informal brothels; criminal begging rings that exploit sub-Saharan African migrant children are common and reportedly increasing (2022), total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). While the constitution provides for the separation of powers between the executive and judicial branches of government, the executive branchs broad statutory authorities limited judicial independence. Several members were arrested on September 13 in Bejaia, including the leader of political party Jil Jadid, Soufiane Djilali. Global AIDS Coordinator and Global Health Diplomacy, Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, Special Representative for Syria Engagement, U.S. Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority, Office of the U.S. After )crude oil estimated reserves: 12.2 billion barrels (2021 est. Various international humanitarian organizations and observers criticized the operations, citing unacceptable conditions of transport, primarily on the Niger side of the border, and what they described as a lack of coordination among the Algerian Red Crescent, the government of Niger, and the Red Cross of Niger. Foreign observers characterized the 2017 legislative elections as largely well organized and conducted without significant problems on election day, but noted a lack of transparency in vote-counting procedures. President BOUTEFLIKA announced in fall 2017 that Algeria intends to develop its non-conventional energy resources. The law prohibits discrimination with respect to employment, salary, and work environment based on age, gender, social and marital status, family links, political conviction, disability, national origin and affiliation with a union. After making a determination, the ministry notifies the customs service of the decision to allow or ban the importation of the publication. Representatives of the National Autonomous Union for Public Administration Personnel (SNAPAP) stated that the union continued to function without official status. The law grants the government wide-ranging oversight of and influence in the day-to-day activities of civil society organizations. )6% of GDP (2019) (approximately $19.2 billion)5.5% of GDP (2018) (approximately $17.9 billion)5.9% of GDP (2017) (approximately $18.8 billion), approximately 140,000 ANP personnel (120,000 Army; 6,000 Navy; 14,000 Air Force); approximately 130,000 National Gendarmerie; approximately 200,000 General Directorate of National Security (2022), the ANP's inventory includes mostly Russian-sourced equipment; since 2010, Algeria has received arms from a variety of countries, with Russia as the leading supplier (2022), 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service for men and women; 19-30 years of age for compulsory service for men (all Algerian men must register at age 17); conscript service obligation reduced from 18 to 12 months in 2014 (2022)note: as of 2020, conscripts comprised an estimated 70% of the military, the ANP has played a large role in the countrys politics since independence in 1962, including coups in 1965 and 1991; it was a key backer of BOUTEFLIKAs election in 1999 and remained a center of power during his 20-year rule; the military was instrumental in BOUTEFLIKAs resignation in 2019 when it withdrew support and called for him to be removed from office the ANP traditionally has focused on internal stability and on Morocco where relations as of 2022 remained tense over Western Sahara and Algerian accusations that Morocco supports the Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie (MAK), a separatist group in Algerias Kabylie region; however, following the Arab Spring events of 2011 and a series of cross-border terrorist attacks emanating from Mali in 2012-2013, particularly the 2013 attack on a commercial gas plant by al-Qaida-linked terrorists that resulted in the deaths of 35 hostages and 29 jihadists, it has made a concerted effort to beef up security along its other borders and promote regional security cooperation; since 2013, additional Army and paramilitary forces were deployed to the borders with Tunisia, Libya, Niger, and Mali to interdict and deter cross-border attacks by Islamic militant groups; in addition, Algeria has provided security assistance to some neighboring countries, particularly Tunisia, and conducted joint military/counter-terrorism operations (2022), al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) Algeria; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T, Algeria-Morocco: the Algerian-Moroccan land border remains closed; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; the National Liberation Front's (FLN) assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco remain a dormant disputeAlgeria-Libya: dormant dispute includes Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern AlgeriaAlgeria-Mali: none identifiedAlgeria-Mauritania: none identifiedAlgeria-Niger: none identifiedAlgeria-Tunisia: none identified, refugees (country of origin): more than 100,000 (Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf); 7,345 (Syria) (mid-year 2022). Abuse of Migrants, Refugees, and Stateless Persons: In June the Associated Press (AP) reported that the government had forced an estimated 13,000 migrants over the previous 14 months to walk from Guezzam, Algeria, to Assamakka, Niger as part of the repatriation process. It reported the discovery of four minorsdown from 12 the year before. A CNDH representative said the organization viewed the most serious human rights concerns as limits on socioeconomic rights, as well as limits on free speech. Christians reside mostly in Algiers and the Provinces of Kabylie, Bejaia, Tizi Ouzou, Annaba, Ouargla, and Oran. Section 2. )-5.1% (2020 est. Although the constitution provides for freedom of peaceful assembly and association, the government severely restricted the exercise of these rights. Authorities utilized the ban to prohibit assembly within the city limits. Most detainees had prompt access to a lawyer of their choice as accorded by law, and the government provided legal counsel to indigent detainees. Other refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants had access to free public hospitals, but independent NGOs reported instances of migrants turned away. The Illizi Province is in eastern Algeria and a small portion of western Libya. )investment in fixed capital: 38.1% (2017 est. A nonresponse after this period of time is considered a rejection. From March 18 until April 8, the ministrys Labor Inspector Service conducted inspections into child labor of 9,748 businessdown from 11,575 businesses the previous year. Lawyers reported that authorities usually carried out procedures for warrants and summonses properly. In recent years the Algerian Government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy, pursuing an explicit import substitution policy. wilaya). Boumerds formed from parts of Alger and Tizi Ouzou; El Bayadh split from Sada; El Oued split from Biskra; El Tarf Muslim (official; predominantly Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Ahmadi Muslims, Shia Muslims, Ibadi Muslims) <1% (2012 est.). Judges rarely refused requests to extend pretrial detention, which by law may be appealed. The government did not adequately enforce the law, since discrimination reportedly existed, specifically against migrant workers in the informal economy who lacked a legal means to address unfair working conditions. Police typically dispersed protesters shortly after a protest began and arrested and detained organizers for a few hours. Algeria became independent in 1962. The ministry did not renew the accreditations of the NGOs SOS Disparus (SOS Disappeared), Djazairouna, the LADDH, the National Association for the Fight Against Corruption, and the Youth Action Movement, all of which submitted their renewal applications in prior years. Internet users regularly exercised their right to free expression and association online, including through online forums, social media, and email. Algeria is the United States' 3rd-largest market in the Middle East/North African region. Foreign observers characterized the elections as largely peaceful but pointed to low voter turnout and a high rate of ballot invalidity. names. NGOs reported instances of not receiving the written authorization in time to hold planned meetings. )industrial: 191 million cubic meters (2017 est. Few businesses abided by the law requiring that they reserve 1 percent of jobs for persons with disabilities. The constitution provides for the right of association, but the government restricted this right. The law gives the authorities broad power to ban books that run counter to the constitution, the Muslim religion and other religions, national sovereignty and unity, the national identity and cultural values of society, national security and defense concerns, public order concerns, and the dignity of the human being and individual and collective rights. It further prohibits books that make apology for colonialism, terrorism, crime, and racism.. The law requires that a minimum level of essential public services must be maintained during public-sector service strikes, and the government has broad legal authority to requisition public employees. WebThe province of Blida is located in the north of Algeria. Also see the Department of StatesTrafficking in Persons Reportatwww.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/. The first two digits are the same as the two-digit ISO Libel/Slander Laws: NGOs and observers criticized the law on defamation as vaguely drafted and said the definitions in the law failed to comport with internationally recognized norms. Although this accreditation is required to operate legally, the vast majority of foreign media were not accredited. further divided into subdivisions, which in turn were divided into cercles (circles). Married women under 18 may not travel abroad without permission from their husbands, but married women older than 18 may do so. Alger: Algeri (Italian); Algiers (English); Algier (Danish, German); al-Jazair, al-Djazair, El Djazar (Arabic); After Frances defeat in the Franco-German War, settlers felt they could finally gain more land. The law prohibits all forms of forced or compulsory labor. ), production: 87,853,976,000 cubic meters (2019 est. The repatriations were conducted in coordination with consular officials from the countries of origin of the migrants, but the migrants were not permitted to challenge their removal. Pretrial Detention: Prolonged pretrial detention remained a problem. The law provides for collective bargaining by all unions, and the government permitted the exercise of this right for authorized unions. )solar: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est. In 2020, Algeria held a constitutional referendum, which President TEBBOUNE enacted in January 2021. II, United Nations, New According to Belhouchet, the government has a monopoly on advertising that it uses to punish those who criticize the government and thus, weakens freedom of expression. If mediation does not lead to an agreement, workers may strike legally after they vote by secret ballot to do so. At the end of March, the distributor received a notification from the Ministry of Communication to stop importingJeune Afriqueand other titles published by Jeune Afrique Media Group (The Africa ReportandLa Revue). Employment: The government does not formally allow refugee employment; however, many worked in the informal market and were at risk of labor exploitation due to their lack of legal status in the country. The law does not place significant restrictions on voter registration, but implementation of voter registration and identification laws proved inconsistent and confusing during past elections. The ministrys Media Directorate is responsible for issuing and renewing accreditations to foreign media outlets operating in the country. Jeune Afriqueonline remained available. These observers, among others, pointed to the law as a significant source of arbitrary arrests intended to suppress political activism. The law limits the grounds for pretrial detention and stipulates that before it can be imposed, a judge must assess the gravity of a crime and whether the accused is a threat to society or a flight risk. Some observers, including government-appointed human rights officials, attributed overcrowding in pretrial detention facilities to continued overuse of pretrial detention, despite reforms in 2015 that sought to reduce the practice. Protests broke out across the country in late February 2019 against President BOUTEFLIKAs decision to seek a fifth term. Security officials reportedly searched homes without a warrant. There were no reports of disappearances by or on behalf of government authorities. $487.716 billion (2021 est. On May 14, local authorities prohibited a gathering by novelist Hiba Tayda in Tizi Ouzou. Prison sentences for rape range from five to 10 years, and authorities generally enforced the law. )government consumption: 20.2% (2017 est. The law on cybercrime establishes procedures for using electronic data in prosecutions and outlines the responsibilities of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to cooperate with authorities. Employees who worked longer than the standard workweek received premium pay on a sliding scale from time-and-a-half to double time, depending on whether the overtime occurred on a normal workday, a weekend, or a holiday. equivalence between arrondissements and subdivisions. Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights, Section 6. The Information and Documentation Center on the Rights of Children and Women, a network of local organizations that promoted the rights of women, managed call centers in 15 provinces. )wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. According to the ministry, there were 14 accredited foreign press agencies reported during the year. If organizations fail to provide required information to the government or attempt to operate with or accept foreign funds without authorization, they are subject to fines between DZD 2,000 and DZD 5,000 ($17 and $43) and up to six months imprisonment. )hydroelectricity: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Arbitrary Deprivation of Life and other Unlawful or Politically Motivated Killings, c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, f. Arbitrary or Unlawful Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence. Religious texts distributed without authorization may be seized and destroyed. UNHCR, the World Food Program (WFP), UNICEF, the Algerian Red Crescent, the Sahrawi Red Crescent, and other organizations assisted Sahrawi refugees. The government devoted increasing resources and attention to it. U.S. exports to Algeria totaled $1.2 billion in 2005, an increase of more than 50% since 2003. A national committee is responsible for monitoring and publishing an annual report on the rights of children. )refined petroleum consumption: 450,500 bbl/day (2019 est. Since 2014, Algerias reliance on hydrocarbon revenues to fund the government and finance the large subsidies for the population has fallen under stress because of declining oil prices. )consumption: 46,945,035,000 cubic meters (2019 est. Importers of books covering the national movement and the Algerian Revolution must submit the entire text of the books for review, including a secondary review by the Ministry of the Moudjahidine (veterans of the Revolution). The ministry stated that it worked with the Ministry of Education to integrate children with disabilities into public schools to promote inclusion. The National Human Rights Committee (CNDH) said the government had dedicated $12 million to ensure the human rights of migrants during repatriation operations (to include accommodation, food, clothing, health care, medicines, and transportation). Police may make arrests without a warrant if they witness the offense. The new law also eliminated gender quotas in Parliament, and the June 2021 legislative elections saw female representation plummet. Many place names were changed. As a result, Algeria was divided into three administration, the country was divided into dpartements (departments), which were subdivided into arrondissements, In January 2018 the government imposed an indefinite suspension on the importation of roughly 850 products, subject to periodic review. With this summons, police may hold a suspect for no more than 48 hours. There was no evidence of any pattern of discrimination toward asylum applicants, but the lack of a formal asylum system made this difficult to assess. departments and one territory. Press and Media Freedom: The National Agency for Publishing and Advertising (ANEP) controls public advertising for print media. The governments lack of transparency over its use of state-funded advertising, however, permitted it to exert undue influence over print media. Most major opposition parties lost seats in the elections, and several parties claimed the results were significantly altered by fraud. The new The government did not permit young men eligible for the draft who had not completed their military service to leave the country without special authorization. Presidential elections took place in 2014, and voters re-elected President Abdelaziz Bouteflika for a fourth term. Additionally, the law prescribes up to 20-year imprisonment for the accused, depending on the severity of injuries. Amnesty International and other human rights organizations criticized the law prohibiting unauthorized gatherings and called for its amendment to require only notification as opposed to application for authorization. Algeria since December 18, 2019, is divided into 58 wilayas ().Prior to December 18, 2019, there were 48 provinces. The 58 provinces are divided into 1541 baladiyahs (municipalities).The capital city of a baladiyah, dara, or province, always gives those entities their name, even Algiers, the capital of the country gave it its name (El Djazayar, the Arabic name for both the city and the country). Opposition parties from across the political spectrum criticized the new law for creating a more complex process for qualifying for the ballot, as well as for establishing an electoral monitoring body whose members would be appointed by the president and parliament, which is controlled by a coalition headed by the presidents party. into the entities shown in this table (dep = department, div = division, arr = arrondissement, sub = subdivision). The provinces are subdivided into 160 dayrat (sub-prefectures), and further into 1,541 municipalities. The government maintained two regional womens shelters and was building three additional shelters. However, about a decade after independence from France in 1962, the total fertility rate fell dramatically from 7 children per woman in the 1970s to about 2.4 in 2000, slowing Algeria's population growth rate by the late 1980s. According to his lawyers, authorities have not provided any evidence to support the charges. Many persons with disabilities faced challenges in voting due to voting centers that lacked accessible features. During much On 2014-10-29, ISO 3166-2 made the same spelling change. Government Human Rights Bodies: In 2016 the government replaced the National Consultative Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (CNCPPDH) with the CNDH. School administrators must allow migrant and refugee children to enroll in primary school through high school and require only that they present their passport and documentation showing their level of schooling from their home country. Recent Elections: Presidential elections took place in 2014, and voters re-elected President Bouteflika for a fourth term. The law provides detainees the right to see an attorney for 30 minutes if the time in detention has been extended beyond the initial 48-hour period. Local and international NGOs asserted that police impunity was a problem. According to the Ministry of Interior, there were 108,940 local and 1,293 national associations registered as of 2016. The administrative division into departments and territories was based on French practice. A January 2017 decree established a commission within the Ministry of Religious Affairs to review imports of the Quran. If domestic violence results in death, a judge can prescribe a life sentence. There is no single office charged with this task, but all labor inspectors are responsible for enforcing laws regarding child labor. Corruption and Lack of Transparency in Government, Section 5. The law requires all civil associations to apply for operating permission, and at years end several major civil associations remained unrecognized but tolerated. Accredited foreign press agencies reported during the year the DGSN conducted nine training sessions on human,... 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