Brazil defends life from its conception and strengthens family ties. [428], The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese Empire. With its unique cuisine, rich culture, some of the most beautiful beaches in the world, breathtaking waterfalls, and adventure for everyones liking, all you have to do is choose the perfect type of tourism for you and be amazed by the wonders of Brazil. Volleyball, basketball, auto racing, and martial arts also attract large audiences. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and they do not have any specific form of government. Extensive legal and illegal logging destroy forests the size of a small country per year, and with it a diverse series of species through habitat destruction and habitat fragmentation. [249] This is in addition to humanitarian assistance and contributions to multilateral development agencies. [380][384], People of considerable Amerindian ancestry form the majority of the population in the Northern, Northeastern and Center-Western regions. [142], The new regime was intended to be transitory[143] but gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968. [174], Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. [50], Following the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, the land now called Brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on 22 April 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro lvares Cabral. WebGovernment of Brazil. [178] Brazil's 187778 Grande Seca (Great Drought), the worst in Brazil's history,[182] caused approximately half a million deaths. [2], Religion in Brazil was formed from the meeting of the Catholic Church with the religious traditions of enslaved African peoples and indigenous peoples. The Mata Atlntica (Atlantic Forest) is Brazils other tropical forest. The most prominent authors at this stage were Jorge Andrade and Ariano Suassuna. Brazil Tourism: Tripadvisor has 16,953,637 reviews of Brazil Hotels, Attractions, and Restaurants making it your best Brazil resource. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as the mechanisms and funding sources. [248] Brazil is a founding member state of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations across four continents, where Portuguese is an official language. Facts about Brazils history. [203], The form of government is a democratic federative republic, with a presidential system. Agriculture occupied only 8% of the national territory and pastures 19.7%. [16], The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial under a checks and balances system) are formally established by the Constitution. MIAMI (AP) The Biden administration is under growing pressure from leftists in Latin America as well as U.S. lawmakers to expel Jair Bolsonaro from a post-presidential retreat in Florida following his supporters brazen attack on Brazils capital over the weekend. Much of the terrain lies between 200 meters (660ft) and 800 meters (2,600ft) in elevation. Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil; Brazilian Portuguese: ()), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: Repblica Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in South America and in Latin America.At 8.5 million square kilometers (3,300,000 sq mi) and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. [175], The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 meters (3,900ft). Brazil's current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry, and a wide range of services. Amorim, who was Brazils foreign minister during Lulas 2003-2010 administration, said he hoped the uprising had been nipped in the bud. | ICA", "Brasil extrai cerca de 2 gramas de ouro por habitante em 5 anos", "Nibio: G1 visita em MG complexo industrial do maior produtor do mundo", "Rio Grande do Sul: o maior exportador de pedras preciosas do Brasil", "Fazcomex Tecnologia para Comrcio Exterior Solues para Comex", "Agronegcio tem oito entre os dez produtos lderes das exportaes brasileiras em 2019", "List of importing markets for the product exported by Brazil in 2021", "List of supplying markets for the product imported by Brazil in 2021", "Official History of Automobile Industry in Brazil", "Alimentos Processados | A indstria de alimentos e bebidas na sociedade brasileira atual", "Produo nacional de celulose cai 6,6% em 2019, aponta Ib", "Indstrias caladistas em Franca, SP registram queda de 40% nas vagas de trabalho em 6 anos", "Minas Gerais produz 32,3% do ao nacional em 2019", "O novo mapa das montadoras, que agora rumam para o interior do Pas", "Indstria automobilstica do Sul do Rio impulsiona superavit na economia", "Produo nacional da indstria de qumicos cai 5,7% em 2019, diz Abiquim", "Setor de servios sustenta o crescimento do PIB de 2018", "Pequenos negcios j representam 30% do Produto Interno Bruto do pas", "UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2011 Edition", "Estatisticas e Indicadores: Receita Cambial", "Turismo Brasileiro com novo recorde em 2011", "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015", "Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013", NASA Signs International Space Station Agreement With Brazil, "Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitt", "Brasil cai duas posies em ranking mundial", "Portable stereo's creator got his due, eventually", "Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fsicas Coleo Galileo: Textos de Fsica", "Atta-Ur-Rahman, Jos Leite Lopes and Juan Martn Maldacena receive UNESCO science prizes", Brasileiro ganha a Medalha Fields, considerada o "Nobel da Matemtica", Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser: Solar Power Generation, https://antigo.aneel.gov.br/web/guest/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao-2/-/asset_publisher/zXQREz8EVlZ6/content/brasil-termina-2021-com-maior-acrescimo-em-potencia-instalada-desde-2016/656877?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fantigo.aneel.gov.br%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fsala-de-imprensa-exibicao-2%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-2%26p_p_col_pos%3D2%26p_p_col_count%3D3%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_keywords%3D%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_delta%3D15%26p_r_p_564233524_resetCur%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_cur%3D5%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_andOperator%3Dtrue, Brasil anuncia aumento da produo de petrleo em 10% para ajudar a estabilizar preos, "Produo de petrleo e gs no Brasil ultrapassa 4 milhes de boe/d pela primeira vez", Country Comparison to the World: Gini Index Brazil, "Ociosidade atinge 70% dos principais aeroportos", "Mercado Brasileiro Terminais de Contineres", "Navios esperam at 16 dias para atracar em porto do pas, diz MDIC", "Populao residente por situao, sexo e grupos de idade", "Brazil population reaches 190.8 million", "Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration", "Crescimento populacional e estrutura demogrfica no Brasil", "Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica", "Projeo da Populao do Brasil Brazil's populational projection", "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situao, sexo, alfabetizao e grupos de idade e grupos de idade", "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situao, sexo, alfabetizao e grupos de idade", "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situao, sexo e alfabetizao", "Tendncias Demogrficas: Uma anlise da populao com base nos resultados dos Censos Demogrficos 1940 e 2000", "Demographical census reveals Brazil as older and less white", "Self-declared White Brazilians decrease in number, says IBGE", "Populao residente por cor ou raa, situao e sexo", "Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population", Brazilian DNA is nearly 80% European, indicates study, O impacto das migraes na constituio gentica de populaes latino-americanas, "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected", "O papel da migrao internacional na evoluo da populao brasileira (1872 a 1972)", "Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians", "Genetic signatures of parental contribution in black and white populations in Brazil", "Genetic heritage variability of Brazilians in even regional averages, 2009 study", "In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes", Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, "G1 Pas tem menor nvel de adeptos do catolicismo desde 1872, diz estudo notcias em Brasil", "Decreto n 7.107, de 11 de fevereiro de 2010", "Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries", "IBGE: Analfabetismo cai no pas, mas fica estagnado no Nordeste", Brazilian decree n 5626, 22 December 2005, "Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon", "Approvato il progetto che dichiara il 'Talian' come patrimonio del Rio Grande del Sud Brasile", "Constituio de 1988 da Repblica Federativa do Brasil/Ttulo II Wikisource", "Mais da metade da populao vive em 294 arranjos formados por contiguidade urbana e por deslocamentos para trabalho e estudo", "Arranjos Populacionais e Concentraes Urbanas do Brasil", "Estimativas da populao residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federao com data de referncia em 1 de julho de 2016", "Estimativas da populao residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federao com data de referncia em 1 de julho de 2017", "The Afro-Brazilian experiment: African influence on Brazilian culture", "Ambientes modernos. The country has about 212 million people. Brazil faces 17 Grande Enciclopdia Universal edio de 1980 Ed.Amazonas, West, David A. The Brazilian film industry began in the late 19th century, during the early days of the Belle poque. Corcovado - Christ the Redeemer. (Note: This does not apply to the Foz do Iguacu National Park or Pantanal National Park.) This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences. Uma Sociologia do Doce, com Receitas de Bolos e Doces do Nordeste do Brasil. [236][237], The Air Force is the largest in Latin America and has about 700 crewed aircraft in service and effective about 67,000 personnel. E domiclios? and Long. During the 1960s, the Cinema Novo movement rose to prominence with directors such as Glauber Rocha, Nelson Pereira dos Santos, Paulo Cesar Saraceni and Arnaldo Jabor. Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s.[438]. [206], The political-administrative organization of the Federative Republic of Brazil comprises the Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities. Brazil is the largest country in South America and the fifth largest country in the world. [214] Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgnicas), which act in a similar way to constitutions. The cities of Boa Vista, Salvador, and Porto Velho have the greatest proportion of Irreligious residents in Brazil. Located in central-eastern part of South America and covering an area of 8.5 million sq.km (3,287,956 sq mi), Brazil is the world's 5th largest country as well as the largest country in South America and in the Southern Hemisphere. An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at Santos. [100] A few days later, the national flag was replaced with a new design that included the national motto "Ordem e Progresso", influenced by positivism. [16], Brazil's navy once operated some of the most powerful warships in the world with the two Minas Geraes-class dreadnoughts, sparking a naval arms race between Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. [14] Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse. Socially significant closeness to one racial group is taken in account more in the basis of appearance (phenotypes) rather than ancestry, to the extent that full siblings can pertain to different "racial" groups. On January 1, 1502, the first official tourist arrived in Brazil. [392] The most common Protestant denominations are Evangelical Pentecostal ones. He became unpopular during his tenure through failure to control the economic crisis and hyperinflation he inherited from the military regime. "Booming Brazil could be world power soon", "CIA The World Factbook Country Comparisons GDP (purchasing power parity)", "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019", "Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas", http://gobrazil.about.com/od/ecotourismadventure/ss/Peter-Lund-Museum.htm, https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.254.5038.1621, "More enslaved Africans came to the Americas through this port than anywhere else. Long after the Cisplatine War that resulted in the independence of Uruguay,[96] Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of PedroII. A casa modernista da Rua Santa Cruz, de Gregori Warchavchik, e outras casas da modernidade", "UNESCO Culture Sector Intangible Heritage 2003 Convention", "Prmio Cames de Literatura | Biblioteca Nacional", "Quem somos | Academia Brasileira de Letras", "Feijo com arroz e arroz com feijo: o Brasil no prato dos brasileiros", "Cultural feeding influence on palative memories in the usual brazilian cuisine", "Brazil's Best, Restored and Ready for a 21st-Century Audience", "Cidade de Deus (City of God) (2003) Rotten Tomatoes", "Rede Globo se torna a 2 maior emissora do mundo", "Um ponto de IBOPE equivale a quantas pessoas? Its capacity at the end of 2021 was 181,532 MW. and other services such as education, social and health services, research and development, sports activities, etc., since it consists of activities complementary to other sectors. [175] In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. Why have so few heard of it? [92] This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the Praieira revolt in Pernambuco, was overcome only at the end of the 1840s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the premature coronation of Pedro II in 1841. Do not travel to: Any areas within 150 km/100 miles of Brazils land borders with Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Paraguay due to crime. [268], Brazil is one of the largest producers of various agricultural commodities,[269] and also has a large cooperative sector that provides 50% of the food in the country. The architect Oscar Niemeyer idealized and built government buildings, churches and civic buildings in the modernist style. Paulo. 2. Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.[207]. [219], The armed forces of Brazil are the largest in Latin America by active personnel and the largest in terms of military equipment. [331], In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. One of the world's most captivating places, Brazil is a country of powdery white-sand beaches, verdant rainforests and wild, rhythm-filled metropolises, with its attractions extending to otherworldly landscapes of red-rock canyons, thundering waterfalls and coral-fringed tropical islands. [169][170][171], Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,[172] sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and France (French overseas region of French Guiana) to the north. Call us in Washington, D.C. at 1-888-407-4747 (toll-free in the United States and Canada) or 1-202-501-4444 (from all other countries) from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays). With its unique cuisine, rich culture, some of the most beautiful beaches in the world, breathtaking waterfalls, and adventure for everyones liking, all you have to do is choose the perfect type of tourism for you and be amazed by the wonders of Brazil. WebBrazil is the largest country in South America and the fifth largest nation in the world. The pro-Bolsonaro encampments outside army barracks were cleared, and a new round of protests on January 11 never materialized. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. Brazil has a variety of desserts such as brigadeiros (chocolate fudge balls), bolo de rolo (roll cake with goiabada), cocada (a coconut sweet), beijinhos (coconut truffles and clove) and romeu e julieta (cheese with goiabada). [464] Brazil also holds its own literary academy, the Brazilian Academy of Letters, a non-profit cultural organization pointed in perpetuating the care of the national language and literature. [70] This increased level of immigration in turn caused some conflicts between newcomers and old settlers. [495], The most popular sport in Brazil is football. [213] States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution. [443] Until the nineteenth century, Portugal was the gateway to most of the influences that built Brazilian music, although many of these elements were not of Portuguese origin, but generally European. [474] The 1941 unfinished film It's All True was divided in four segments, two of which were filmed in Brazil and directed by Orson Welles; it was originally produced as part of the United States' Good Neighbor Policy during Getlio Vargas' Estado Novo government. [41][42] [512], Lat. Most of them are public. [178] This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude. [47] These wars also involved large-scale military actions on land and water, with cannibalistic rituals on prisoners of war. A major non-NATO ally of the United States, Brazil is a regional and middle power,[18][19][20] and is also classified as an emerging power. [188] The threat of extinction comes from several sources, including deforestation and poaching. Fernandez, Oscar Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels The. These were the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the devastating Paraguayan War, the largest war effort in Brazilian history. Portuguese colonial architecture was the first wave of architecture to go to Brazil. [134][135], Several brief interim governments followed Vargas's suicide. [337] The total of paved roads increased from 35,496km (22,056mi) in 1967 to 215,000km (133,595mi) in 2018. [367][373][374][375] The brown population (officially called pardo in Portuguese, also colloquially moreno)[376][377] is a broad category that includes caboclos (assimilated Amerindians in general, and descendants of Whites and Natives), mulatos (descendants of primarily Whites and Afro-Brazilians) and cafuzos (descendants of Afro-Brazilians and Natives). [282] The country was the second-largest producer of pulp in the world and the eighth-largest producer of paper in 2016. Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants. In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the Formula One world championship eight times. Corcovado - Christ the Redeemer. The road system totaled WebBrazil (Portuguese: Brasil; Brazilian Portuguese: ()), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: Repblica Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in South America and in Latin America.At 8.5 million square kilometers (3,300,000 sq mi) and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. The theatre in Brazil has its origins in the period of Jesuit expansion when theater was used for the dissemination of Catholic doctrine in the 16th century. ], Baniwa and Tucano languages had been granted co-official status with Portuguese. One hundred and eighty Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas and a significant number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants. [257], Brazil is a federation composed of 26 states, one federal district, and the 5,570 municipalities. 2. See the State Departments travel website for the Worldwide Caution and Travel Advisories. [253] In 2018, Brazil had a record 63,880 murders. [494], Among the best-known Brazilian painters are Ricardo do Pilar and Manuel da Costa Atade (baroque and rococo), Victor Meirelles, Pedro Amrico and Almeida Jnior (romanticism and realism), Anita Malfatti, Ismael Nery, Lasar Segall, Emiliano di Cavalcanti, Vicente do Rego Monteiro, and Tarsila do Amaral (expressionism, surrealism and cubism), Aldo Bonadei, Jos Pancetti and Cndido Portinari (modernism). It is the fifth largest country in the world, exceeded in size only by Russia, Canada, China, and the United States, though its area is greater than that of the 48 conterminous U.S. states. However, the construction and maintenance of health centers and hospitals are financed by taxes, and the country spends about 9% of its GDP on expenditures in the area. 1,720,000km (1,068,758mi) in 2019. [129][130][131] In addition to its participation in the battle of the Atlantic, Brazil also sent an expeditionary force to fight in the Italian campaign. In 2021, the country closed the year as the 7th oil producer in the world, with an average of close to 3 million barrels per day, becoming an exporter of the product. [344] So PauloGuarulhos International Airport, near So Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport with nearly 20 million passengers annually, while handling the vast majority of commercial traffic for the country. Hue, Jorge de Souza (1999). [185], The wildlife of Brazil comprises all naturally occurring animals, plants, and fungi in the South American country. [408][406], Brazil's private institutions tend to be more exclusive and offer better quality education, so many high-income families send their children there. Flag. [283] In the footwear industry, Brazil was the fourth-largest producer in 2019. On January 1, 1502, the first official tourist arrived in Brazil. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many species of New World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests. It was highest (20.30%) in the Northeast, which had a large proportion of rural poor. Economic overview. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 meters (9,823ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean. The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million[348] (22.31 inhabitants per square kilometer or 57.8/sqmi), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1[349] and 83.75% of the population defined as urban. [454], Brazilian literature dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as Pro Vaz de Caminha, filled with descriptions of fauna, flora and commentary about the indigenous population that fascinated European readers. [483] Since then television has grown in the country, creating large commercial broadcast networks such as Globo, SBT, RecordTV, Bandeirantes and RedeTV. Human settlement in Brazil is thought to have begun at least 32,000 years ago. [405], According to the IBGE, in 2019, the literacy rate of the population was 93.4%, meaning that 11.3 million (6.6% of population) people are still illiterate in the country, with some states like Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina reaching around 97% of literacy rate;[406] functional illiteracy has reached 21.6% of the population. [456] Machado de Assis, one of his contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain international prestige from critics worldwide. There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the second largest number in the world, after the United States. Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itaja, Rio Grande, Paranagu, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitria, Suape, Manaus and So Francisco do Sul are the most important. Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil; Brazilian Portuguese:[baziw] (listen)),[nt 1] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: Repblica Federativa do Brasil),[9] is the largest country in South America and in Latin America. [132], With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of the fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with democracy "reinstated" by the same army that had ended it 15 years earlier. Published On 12 Jan 2023 12 Jan 2023. [302], Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies. Located in central-eastern part of South America and covering an area of 8.5 million sq.km (3,287,956 sq mi), Brazil is the world's 5th largest country as well as the largest country in South America and in the Southern Hemisphere. It forms an enormous triangle on the eastern side of the continent with a 4,500-mile (7,400-kilometer) coastline along the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil is the worlds twelfth-largest economy, and the United States is Brazils second-largest trading partner. The statue now holds its place in history as one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World. [55][56] In the first two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and European groups lived in constant war, establishing opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against each other. [352] Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the mortality rate, even though the birth rate underwent a slight decline. [35], The official Portuguese name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" (Terra da Santa Cruz),[36] but European sailors and merchants commonly called it the "Land of Brazil" (Terra do Brasil) because of the brazilwood trade. Human settlement in Brazil is thought to have begun at least 32,000 years ago. [177] Many regions have starkly different microclimates. [395], In October 2009, the Brazilian Senate approved and enacted by the President of Brazil in February 2010, an agreement with the Vatican, in which the Legal Statute of the Catholic Church in Brazil is recognized. [86] The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824;[87] Portugal officially recognized Brazilian independence on 29 August 1825. The cities of Boa Vista, Salvador, and many species of new world monkeys are found in world... Prominent authors at This stage were Jorge Andrade and Ariano Suassuna 392 the... Empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro film industry began the. 19Th century, during the early days of the world 16,953,637 reviews of 's... Are appointed after passing entry exams. [ 207 ] it forms an triangle... Composed of 26 States, one federal district, and a new round of protests on January,! 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