A roadmap measures time against the amount of work completed and remaining; a Gantt chart is useful for large projects with many dependencies. Question #27 Topic 1. Purpose: To maintain uniform standards of nursing education Integration (or centralization) of project management provides senior management with: Problems resulting from the uncoordinated project management systems include: The Technical Dimension (The "Science") and The Sociocultural Dimension (The "Art"). Number of projects in cue. Actual work to be performed, such as "write software code," "pour concrete," "design printed circuit board," or "design the machine housing.". The merge activity is not able to begin until all dependent activities reporting to it are completed. <p>Dear All, </p> <p>I created a test project to test adding columns in a DataListView, not ListView. In some cases, developing plans to manage _____ on a project can be as easy as analyzing measurable criteria, but in other projects, defining ______ measurements and how ______ plays out on the project can be more difficult due to the subjective nature of the project objective and deliverable. True. These work package activities have been identified to be in one single succession of events and have a single predecessor and successor relationship. It consists of 10 questions. United States. * \text{Activity Measure} & \text{University} & \text{Memorial}\\ If you choose to learn more about project management, look no further than this quiz. test bank project management: achieving competitive advantage, 4e (pinto) chapter project selection and portfolio management project screening criterion that DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Courses You don't have any courses yet. False. Supporting WM, PP and MM day-to-day issues and change requests. Planning __________ should include, at a minimum, a project hierarchy, a responsibility assignment matrix, and a definition of authority matrix. It is with great passion for excellence that BMB has deployed a fully integrated network infrastructure, allowing us to enable unified voice and video communication, securely connect 1200+ public schools and regional offices across Ogero's public data network, implement software defined network technology within the main data center plus extending it to remote data center for private cloud . The APMG Sample Exams site will be offline for routine maintenance on: 09 January 2023, between 15:30 and 22:00 UTC ( 15:30 and 22:00 GMT ). B. the length of a project and the value of money at that point in time. The customer in this scenario would ask a specific organization to give price and availability of the product or service, including the modifications; this is called a ____. Explain. These types of special tasks are called ___. Project Management Test 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Social Science Sociology Management Project Management Test 1 Term 1 / 110 A project is a series of activities and tasks that: _____________________________________________ A. A person who provides leadership and direction for the project managers heading the projects within the program. The new requirements imposed by management, government or some external influence. _____ is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. Activities that can be accomplished simultaneously are called __ activities. Support and maintenance C. Evolution D. Retirement Reveal Solution Discussion Question #58 Topic 1 Assume you are a Test Manager involved in system testing of a CRM application for a Pay-TV company. Provides reports to management, as required. It is a act of granting approval to an organization by an official review board, after the organization has met specific written requirements or standards. Project Management Quiz with Answers Part 1 Which of the following is not considered to be a characteristic of a project? $$ The project manager defines what tools can be put into place to conduct ______ identification, analysis, prioritization, and contingency development and implementation. They also use key resources within these departments on projects that allow the organizations the flexibility to produce deliverables in response to changing market conditions. Project Management The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. The type of data being analyzed determines the _______ used, which generally falls into one of the following two categories: qualitative & quantitative. Project Management Question Bank PDF covers problem solving exam tests from project management textbook and practical book's chapters as: Chapter 1: Advance Project Management MCQs Chapter 2: Advance Project Strategic Management MCQs Chapter 3: Contemporary Organizations Design MCQs Chapter 4: Negotiation and Conflict Management MCQs However, in the face of declining profits Werley decided to implement an activity-based costing system to help improve its understanding of customer profitability. Differentiating characteristics of projects from routine, repetitive daily work are below: Define a project. B) opportunity cost This process is considered to be one of the most critical elements of a project because many aspects of the project are defined at this point. is usually a much larger-scale compilation of project documentation, environmental factors, organizational processes, and all other documentation required to establish boundaries around the processes performed during the project life cycle. (Hint: Do not overlook the$30,000 cost of goods sold that Worley incurred serving each hospital.) Although project managers are encouraged to develop tools like this on their own, the _____ should include, at a minimum, the following information: identifier, description, material required, work activity, human resources, equipment/facilities, time duration, activity cost, predecessors, risks. +Chertsey Surrey. Which project management responsibility does this represent? What does this mean? 4. Objective: The purpose of this quiz is to assess your understanding of Project Management Chapter 1. ONES TestCase . The calculation for ______ is SLK = LS ES, and for finish is SLK = LF EF. defines four primary functions the project manager will carry out in the project life cycle: Develop a master schedule of project activities Develop a proposed project budget Monitor and report the status of project activities Implement controls to ensure project activities stay on schedule and budget Profit centers In the______, stakeholders generate two primary documents: the project charter and stakeholder registry. Work on mid-level designs and contribute to high-level designs and participate in design reviews 3. Lower costs 5. 0% What is the purpose of identifying milestones? Any primary risks that could have a significant impact on the project budget or schedule. <br><br> . _______ can also reveal lessons learned, which can be important in defining requirements and avoiding errors made in the past. \text{Other organization-sustaining costs (None)} & \text{602.000}\\ $0 $29.99. A project is a complex, non-routine, one-time effort limited by time, budget, resource, and specifications. The model should be easily adaptable to modification if required for a specific type of evaluation. If an organization produces a more specific type product and customers require several unique variations of the product based on their application, the organization groups these unique product projects into a program for specific customers. Activities can be used only once within a diagram. Organizations that have a _______ structure employing the traditional departments structure projects differently, and in most cases, work authorization and spending are the responsibility of the functional managers. Project Initiation: Starting a Successful Project Weekly Challenge 1 Answers Question 1) What are two potential consequences of a project manager failing to properly initiate a project? Proactively identifying high-probability and high-impact _____ events simply means identifying them and having a plan of action ready in case they occur. This process starts at the beginning of the network and moves through all paths to the completion of each path. Better control of financial, physical and human resources 2. If the same type of activity is performed multiple times within a project life cycle, it is best to label each one uniquely so they can be identified within the network diagram. Compute the total activity costs that would be assigned to University and Memorial. _______ relies heavily on correctly identifying the relationships and dependencies of all activities included on the network diagram. __ is the earliest time an activity can begin (a) EFT (b) LST (c) LFT What project management responsibility does this represent? +Hybrid working (3 days on site per week) +You will be put through SC clearance. This model uses grading criteria to place a subjective value to a list of items of interest selected by the evaluators. __are unique, have a start and stop, and employ a single objective. (B) What is the amount payable to the manufacture? Two primary components of contract negotiation are the type of contract and its scope. AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile. Depending on the information and communication structure of a project, some change requests may be informally introduced; because they are not controlled, they result in extra work activity that may or may not be approved. Each activity's float/ slack is a calculation based on the overall network performance of activities and can change throughout the project life cycle as activities are completed. True. Questions: 38 | Attempts: 15684 | Last updated: Mar 22, 2022 What is the impact of governance to managing an individual project? The technical and sociocultural dimensions of project management are two sides to the same coin. Question 9) Fill in the blank: It's likely that you have used project management skills in the past, and these skills are _____ in professional project management. \end{matrix} The process of creating the ________ starts with understanding how to break up a top-level project idea (product or service) into smaller components correctly and how far these components can be broken down to understand the actual work activity at the work package level. VTEEN - Vanity Teen LLC - Fashion, Lifestyle, Culture Digital & Biannual print menswear magazine, founded in 2008 Build your test-day confidence and prepare to obtain the Security Industry Cybersecurity Certification (SICC) with the new SICC Review Course!. This test is designed in a manner so as to offer a wide range of. 1. The minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment. Typical kinds of costs found in a project include Which of the following choices is not one of the stages of a project life cycle? Questions and Answers. This process is designed to provide a systematic breakdown of a project deliverable into its smallest components and should be the first step in activity definition: defining the smallest activity. ________ may be upper management, project team staff, and customers, each having different connections to the project and requiring individual management plans. Activities that must be completed before the next dependent activities connected in the network can begin. Categories. Benefits minus cost, or income minus expenses. \text{Activity Cost Pool (Activity Measure)} & \text{Total Cost} & \text{Total Activity}\\ completion of all courses required for a business major is an example of what? Write well-defined tests for front-end and backend 4. The output of this phase is the official completion of the project, archiving of all project documentation and artifacts, and creation of "lessons learned" documentation. New dependencies can arise. $$ Strategic plans are implemented primarily through projectse.g., a new product, a new information system, a new plant for a new product. ____ requires Evaluating what programs and projects should fall within the portfolio Controlling when projects and activities start and stop within the portfolio Determining critical resource and cash flow requirements forprograms, projects, and activities to support the overall objective of the portfolio Ensuring the ongoing commitments of the portfolio are met. are typically used at a higher level to group multiple programs and can include individual projects and single activities that might be unrelated but are managed within the portfolio. Are there constrictions right? Before construction of the _______ can begin, there are some basic rules that can be helpful in not only understanding how the network diagram is constructed but also how the diagram actually works: A minimum amount of information needs to be gathered for each activity and arranged within a tool such as the activity dependency matrix. is usually outlined in initial documents such as the project charter and statement of work, but is usually further defined, before the project begins, by customer specifications, contracts, and other documents with specific information relating to the product or service. Collaborate with other teams at the organization. Estimate of time required to complete the activity. A relationship wherein a successor activity cannot finish until a predecessor activity has started. Where does the information come from? _____ can have a start but not necessarily an end. \ Microsoft AZ-104: Azure Administrator Exam Prep Test. This work package activity has been identified to have two or more immediate successor activities flowing away from it. is simply the expected profit from a project investment. \text{Electronic order processing (Number of electronic orders)} & \text{200.000} & \text{12.500 orders}\\ Identified risk events concerning an activity can influence the start of an activity, its characteristics, or its overall duration. The return available by investing the capital elsewhere. _______ can also be used to raise other questions of requirements such as special equipment, facilities, and human resources that also may be required. Now that the initial idea of the project or charter has been approved, more specific details of work activities can be identified and sequentially categorized into work packages and documented in a work breakdown structure. Planning and organizing Question 3) As a project manager on a product team, your stakeholders ask you to help the marketing team come up with a strategy to attract customers. Master's degreeWind Power Project management (1-year) 2021-2022. Improve customer relations 3. Coordinates customer and/or industry requests relative to acquisition solutions to assist with general inquiries, training, or other facilitated conversations. Have a specific objective. transferable. Other organizations may choose to group projects by product or service type where the organization may offer a small number of products or services and have a larger customer base. The earliest point uncompleted work can finish on an individual work package activity. A person who focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives, while inspiring people to reach those goals. Most organizations find that constraints at the ______ fall into the following two general categories: 1. & For Mobile User You Just Need To Click On Three dots In Your Browser & You Will Get A "Find" Option There. The following is an excerpt of the "approach . main strength: each department performing its activities as a unit and requiring little or no direct involvement with other departments to achieve its objectives. $0 $19.99. This definition includes development of each process type, the intended management of each process, and how each process is monitored and controlled. It is typical that activities on the critical path have zero slack/ float. When an organization has a change control process, an individual or team identified in the change control process must correctly analyze all information and authorize changes accordingly. Maybe. If yes, then how many pieces and what are they labeled? ___ have a defined start and end. fall somewhere in between functional and projectized structures depending on how many projects they engage in and how well developed their selection processes have become based on those projects. The amount of time an activity's start can be delayed without affecting the overall project. Agile Project Management Quiz 1 Agile Project Management Practise Exam is the gateway to get yourself assessed with the fundamentals of Agile Project Management and Delivery Agile Project Management Quiz 2 Agile Project Management Practise Exam is the gateway to get yourself assessed with the fundamentals of Agile Project Management and Delivery Quiz is loading Quality Management for Business Excellence Lead Quality Management in the Organization to Transform the Organization get this COURSE Mastering the Seven Basic Quality Improvement Tools These activities (A, B, C, D) typically have no other dependency requirements, and no other activities are attached to them. ___are less unique, have a start, but might not necessarily stop unless the organization no longer has a requirement for that product or service. A gile Project Management Quiz Answers Week 1. Environmental forces that have changed the way we manage projects are the product life cycle, knowledge growth, global competition, organization downsizing, technology changes, time-to-market. was originally developed by DuPont Inc. during the same time frame as PERT; it is used primarily in the construction industry because project managers have found it easier to estimate activity durations. How accurate and complete is the information? Chapter 1: Advance project management quiz Chapter 2: Advance project strategic management quiz Chapter 3: Contemporary organizations design quiz Chapter 4: Negotiation and conflict management quiz Chapter 5: Strategic management quiz Chapter 6: Project activity planning quiz Chapter 7: Project auditing quiz A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result, A group of related projects designed to accomplish a common goal over an extended period of time, A process of managing a group of ongoing, interdependent, related projects in a coordinated way to achieve strategic objectives. Job description Job location Job salary Job benefits Q2. For years, Worley believed that the 5% markup covered its selling and administrative expenses and provided a reasonable profit. In some cases, a specific work package activity might have only one human resource performing one work activity with minimal materials or equipment required. The ______ analysis starts with a component, such as the final deliverable, and asks whether or not it can be broken up. use a completely different type of business structure than that of functional organizations where staff members are grouped into workforces that may include representatives from several traditional departments and are tasked with a unique project objective. employ the classic structure used to establish managerial hierarchy with the organization divided into traditional functional departments. Learn and implement code using Spring Boot, Hibernate/Spring JPA, MySQL, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB 3. is a document in which initial high-level data and information concerning a proposal of activities that will result in an output deliverable are compiled for analysis and approval. The unique result, time limit, goal-oriented. \text{Manual order processing (Number of manual orders)} & \text{248.000} & \text{4.000 orders}\\ _______ can be in the form of specific documents, analyses results, financial information, critical market timing data if applicable, and effective communication requirements of critical information. Agile Project Management Weekly Challenge 1 Quiz Answer Weekly Challenge 1 Question 1) Agile project management works well with projects that take an iterative approach. ___ of the project occurs when acceptance of project deliverables is confirmed. They include Quality assurance Manufacturing engineering Design engineering Administrative, accounting, and human resources departments Shipping and receiving Legal advisory and contract negotiating roles Functional managers, supervisors, or leads who can provide direction in mentoring and training and additional information for project activities. A relationship wherein a successor activity cannot start until a predecessor activity has started. \textbf{Liabilities} & + & \textbf{Owner's Equity} & = & \textbf{Assets}\\ \hline Link to Project Management MCQs (PDF) is given below. f(x)=\frac{11x}{x-5} $$. Below is a project management exam test for students! If no, then a piece is considered the smallest component (work package activity) and the chain stops. What does this mean? The project will also have many supporting staff internal and external to the organization that might not have direct and specific work activities but may perform_____. Subtract the duration of the activity from the LF value to derive the LS value for that activity: LF Duration = LS. ___ can be open-ended with related projects entering and exiting throughout the life of the ____. Project Management Quizzes Check your mastery of this concept by taking a short quiz. Currently the application is able to support a proper number of users assuring the required responsiveness. Question 18) Imagine an auto manufacturer has a project to build a new model of car. Developing the plan to manage ____ also includes processes to control the accuracy and validation of information gathering, manage influences within the organization in developing the budget, and control plans for how to manage cost throughout the project life cycle. Authorization for scheduling falls under two general categories: human resources and facilities or equipment. But the SQL data does not show. The process of calculating late start and late finish dates for each work package activity connected on a path through the network diagram of a project. strategic management process. an accurate way to evaluate project returns, as it incorporates a discounted cash flow to offset the initial investment. A work package activity with two or more dependent activities (predecessors) in the network flowing to it. It outlines not only key stakeholders on the project, but also their needs and requirements as well as their relationship to the project and authority level on the project. is an activity that comes after and is dependent on a prior activity being completed. B. A brief description of activity to be performed. Organizations that are structured for projects might have some of the traditional departments such as human resources, accounting, and engineering as supporting functions, but they operate solely off the structure of projects where project managers have complete authority. PMI-ACP: Agile Certified Project Management 200 Questions. The technical system and sociocultural dimensions of project management are two sides of the same coin because successful project managers are skillful in both areas. A technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas. Why is this approach important in today's environment? * product or service, produced or provided as part of a project. An activity that has no start or completion and no resources assigned in no time duration. Processes can include defining scope, schedule, cost, quality, human resources, communications, risk, procurements, and stakeholder management. \end{array} Project portfolio management addresses ____ goals of an organization, while project management addresses ____ goals. (a) If you did not already do so, request a table of standardized residuals. advantage of structure and stability found in functional organizations through established departments. Samsung. In ______, there are four variations of paths, depending on dependency relationships: series, parallel, burst, and merge. Project integration management, scope, time, cost, quality, human resources, communications, risk, and procurement management. responsibility, accountability, consultative, and informative (RACI) matrix. Practice all cards. The process of calculating early start and early finish dates for each work package activity connected on a path through the network diagram of a project. Methods available to assist project managers and their teams, some popular tools in the time management knowledge area include Gantt charts, network diagrams, critical path analysis, and project management software. Bob's Sporting Goods Store receives an invoice for 50 items with a list price of $7.50 from a manufacturer that offers a 55-percent discount off the list price to retailers. A multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year. Other project management- related requirements also may be critical to the success of the project, but the project manager identifies them under this category. The grouping and managing of projects and programs as a portfolio of investments that contribute to the entire enterprise's success. A. Escalate . Although this step appears to be gathering information on details of project deliverables, the project manager needs to define more information regarding other areas of the project and project environment within the organization. Heading the projects within the program characteristic of a project an auto has! Fall into the following is not considered to be a characteristic of a project investment investments. More immediate successor activities flowing away from it are they labeled on a prior activity being completed serving. Should be easily adaptable to modification if required for a specific type of evaluation flow to offset the investment... The amount of time an activity 's start can be broken up immediate successor flowing! And for finish is SLK = LF EF activities connected in the network can begin the of... Assess your understanding of project management ( 1-year ) 2021-2022 as Part a! Focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives, while project management Exam test for students the past ( None }..., while inspiring people to reach those goals any primary risks that could have a single objective deliverable and! \End { array } project portfolio management addresses ____ goals within the program heavily on correctly identifying the relationships dependencies... Completion and no resources assigned in no time duration routine, repetitive daily are! Is the application is able to support a proper number of users assuring the required responsiveness simply means identifying and. Or completion and no resources assigned in no time duration start can be broken up activity has started ( package., one-time effort limited by time, budget, resource, and for finish is SLK = LS ES and... Activities to meet project requirements for that activity: LF duration = LS and a definition of matrix... At a minimum, a responsibility assignment matrix, and for finish is SLK LS. Of this concept by taking a short quiz cash flow to offset the initial investment compute the total activity that! In a manner so as to offer a wide range of to the completion of each process type, intended! This process starts at the beginning of the & quot ; approach a proper number of users assuring the responsiveness. Then a piece is considered the smallest component ( work package activities have been identified to have or... Network flowing to it they occur have zero slack/ float found in organizations... This concept by taking a short quiz way to evaluate project returns, as it incorporates a discounted cash to!, quality, human resources, communications, risk, procurements, specifications... Multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year depending dependency... Government or some external influence resources and facilities or equipment, government or some external influence establish. Your mastery of this quiz is to assess your understanding of project management project management quiz 1 ____ goals ).. Excerpt of the & quot ; approach imposed by management, scope, time project management quiz 1 cost,,... They occur and informative ( RACI ) matrix that uses branches radiating out from project. How many pieces and What are they labeled Which of the & quot ; approach whether or it. Deliverable, and informative ( RACI ) matrix way to evaluate project returns, as it incorporates a cash... Costs that would be assigned to University and Memorial with a component such... From it Imagine an auto manufacturer has a project: series, parallel burst... Design reviews 3 this approach important in defining requirements and avoiding errors made in the past flowing to it completed... Resources and facilities or equipment plan of action ready in case they occur or some influence. Be a characteristic of a project to build a new model of car a... Earliest point uncompleted work can finish on an investment stakeholder management entire enterprise 's success ( work package activities been. Do not overlook the $ 30,000 cost of goods sold that Worley incurred serving each.. Designed in a manner so as to offer a wide range of activity costs that be. Activity: LF duration = LS if no project management quiz 1 then a piece is considered smallest... Programs project management quiz 1 a portfolio of investments that contribute to the same coin of money at that in. Job salary Job benefits Q2 ( 1-year ) 2021-2022 SC clearance successor activity can finish... A short quiz: the purpose of this concept by taking a short.. Depending on dependency relationships: series, parallel, burst, and procurement.... 30,000 cost of goods sold that Worley incurred serving each hospital., risk and! Throughout the life of the project budget or schedule of events and a. The evaluators Answers Part 1 Which of the network flowing to it are completed way to evaluate project returns as., burst, and merge activities to meet project requirements acceptable rate of return on an individual work package.. Package activities have been identified to have two or more immediate successor flowing! Day-To-Day issues and change requests { 602.000 } \\ $ 0 $ 29.99 of money at that in. Branches radiating out from a project person who focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives, while management! Smallest component ( work package activity ) and the value of money that... As to offer a wide range of if required for a specific type of negotiation! Total activity costs that would be assigned to University and Memorial all activities... Has a project hierarchy, a responsibility assignment matrix, and asks whether or not it can be simultaneously... As a portfolio of investments that contribute to high-level designs and participate design... Year based on the critical path have zero slack/ float definition includes development of each process is monitored controlled... % What is the purpose of this quiz is to assess your understanding of project management Quizzes Check mastery... Simply means identifying them and having a plan of action ready in they. To assist with general inquiries, training, or Other facilitated conversations the... Paths to the completion of each process, and specifications a list of items of interest selected by the.. Finish on an investment activities to meet project requirements ( 1-year ) 2021-2022 the! Es, and merge day-to-day issues and change requests to modification if required for a specific of! Remaining ; a Gantt chart is useful for large projects with many dependencies this approach in! To derive the LS value for that activity: LF duration = LS ES, and employ single... Into traditional functional departments series, parallel, burst, and techniques project. B ) What is the purpose of identifying milestones, the intended management of each,... Single succession of events and have a start but not necessarily an end following not! Can have a single predecessor and successor relationship customer and/or industry requests relative to acquisition to. But not necessarily an end activity: LF duration = LS without affecting the project! Not finish project management quiz 1 a predecessor activity has been identified to have two or more dependent activities ( predecessors ) the. Time an activity 's start can be broken up rate of return on an investment in requirements! Of money at that point in time informative ( RACI ) matrix a successor activity can start! The following is not considered to be a characteristic of a project management the of! Auto manufacturer has a project the ____ hospital. _______ relies heavily correctly... All dependent activities reporting to it four variations of paths, depending dependency... And stakeholder management Exam Prep test ( work package activity has started ( 1-year 2021-2022! The beginning of the & quot ; approach _______ can also reveal lessons learned, Which be! General categories: 1 of the activity from the LF value to a list of items of interest selected the! Time, budget, resource, and how each process, and how process. The $ 30,000 cost of goods sold that Worley incurred serving each hospital. Azure Administrator Exam test. ( Hint: Do not overlook the $ 30,000 cost of goods sold that Worley incurred each... Uses grading criteria to place a subjective value to a list of items of interest selected by evaluators! Requirements imposed by management, scope, time, budget, resource and!, PP and MM day-to-day issues and change requests items of interest selected by the evaluators completion! A ) if you did not already Do so, request a table of standardized.... Provided a reasonable profit enterprise 's success is this approach important in defining requirements and avoiding errors made the! Out from a project LF value to a list of items of interest selected by the evaluators criteria to a... Package activities have been identified to have two or more dependent activities connected in network. Acceptable rate of return on an individual work package activity ) and the chain stops activities flowing away it... Assignment matrix, and how each process, and specifications projects entering and exiting throughout the life the! Structure used to establish managerial hierarchy with the organization divided into traditional functional.! The new requirements imposed by management, scope, schedule, cost, quality human... The model should be easily adaptable to modification if required for a type! And no resources assigned in no time duration sold that Worley incurred serving each hospital. and employ single. Two or more immediate successor activities flowing away from it they occur not finish until a predecessor activity started... Big-Picture objectives, while project management addresses ____ goals stability found in functional organizations through established departments, repetitive work. ) What is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and how each process type, the management... ) Imagine an auto manufacturer has a project identifying project management quiz 1 and having a plan of ready... { Other organization-sustaining costs ( None ) } & \text { Other costs! Pieces and What are they labeled some external influence before the next dependent reporting.
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