[585] While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. [214] He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919,[215] before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. [774] He was a good organiser,[775] with a strategic mind,[776] and judged others according to their inner strength, practicality, and cleverness. [554] Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itselflocated within the Soviet areaalso subdivided thusly. Despite initial catastrophes, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. From 1934 to 1940 Stalin had vast numbers of government, party, and army officials murdered to satisfy his paranoid delusions that everyone was out to get him. [706] In the personality cult constructed around him, he was known as the vozhd, an equivalent to the Italian duce and German fhrer. [461] On 28 September, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged some of their newly conquered territories; Germany gained the linguistically Polish-dominated areas of Lublin Province and part of Warsaw Province while the Soviets gained Lithuania. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin[g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili;[d] 18 December[O.S. [670] The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. [369] At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats, whom he called "social fascists";[370] Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. "[729], Stalin had a soft voice,[730] and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports", "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography", "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 193045", "Controversy in Moscow: Stalin icon revered", "The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion", "Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori", "Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times", "Stalin as a Neo-Pagan Deity in Contemporary Russia", "Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past", "Josef Stalin: communist, murderer - saint? [515] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers and entered a period of tension, the Cold War. [634] Stalin's increasing tolerance of anti-Semitism may have stemmed from his increasing Russian nationalism or from the recognition that anti-Semitism had proved a useful mobilising tool for Hitler and that he could do the same;[635] he may have increasingly viewed the Jewish people as a "counter-revolutionary" nation whose members were loyal to the U.S.[636] There were rumours, although they have never been substantiated, that Stalin was planning on deporting all Soviet Jews to the Jewish Autonomous Region in Birobidzhan, eastern Siberia. Fair warning: if the title isn't enough of a clue, there's a lot in this game . Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. [557] His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. [685] Stalin referred to himself as a praktik, meaning that he was more of a practical revolutionary than a theoretician. [669] The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member from attaining autocratic domination. [87] In April 1906, Stalin attended the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm; this was his first trip outside the Russian Empire. [795] Like all Bolshevik leaders, Stalin believed that reading could help transform not just people's ideas and consciousness, but human nature itself. Born into poverty in 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin . [564] He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. [150] Their second child, Alexander, was born circa April 1917. "Deeply saddened," he said. Succeeding Lenin and his Rise to Power Stalin promotes an image of himself as a great benevolent leader and hero of the Soviet Union. [602], After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. The first four years were years of intense labor on the part of Soviet people in carrying out the Third Five-Year Plan. . [850] In any event, she suspected that he was unfaithful with other women,[851] and committed suicide in 1932. [848] They had two biological childrena son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana, and adopted another son, Artyom Sergeev, in 1921. In 1956, after Stalin's death, came a watershed moment: Communist leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced the Stalin personality cult and dictatorship, in a secret speech to the 20th Party Congress. [676] A mass amnesty for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953. [85] At the conference Stalin met Lenin for the first time. 1922 (29th December) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was created. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. [482] The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory;[483] soon, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Baltic states were under German occupation, and Leningrad was under siege;[484] and Soviet refugees were flooding into Moscow and surrounding cities. [751] As leader, he rarely left Moscow unless to go to one of his dachas for holiday;[752] he disliked travel,[753] and refused to travel by plane. These reasons build to why Stalin emerged as leader of the USSR by 1929. Theories proposed Stalin's involvement with Vladimir's death, in which Stalin later admitted to via letter. [395] In 1938, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), colloquially known as the Short Course, was released;[396] biographer Robert Conquest later referred to it as the "central text of Stalinism". [667], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. [719] Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a "natural extremist";[794] Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. [361] He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. [651] He had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage. [914] In October 1961, Stalin's body was removed from the mausoleum and buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, the location marked by a bust. [237] Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. [920] In October 2017, Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the "terrible past" would neither be "justified by anything" nor "erased from the national memory. [69] Stalin detested many of the Mensheviks in Georgia and aligned himself with the Bolsheviks. Copy. That night,. [561] In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. [341] Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. [617] Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. This concept was intricately linked to factional struggles within the party, particularly against Trotsky. Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. [931] In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat "enemies of the people" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge. [704] In his words, "the people need a Tsar, whom they can worship and for whom they can live and work". [452] Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. [120] In February 1912, Stalin again escaped to Saint Petersburg,[121] tasked with converting the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, Zvezda ("Star") into a daily, Pravda ("Truth"). [434] In May, this was followed by the arrest of most members of the military Supreme Command and mass arrests throughout the military, often on fabricated charges. [716] He was of the view that if they became fully autonomous, then they would end up being controlled by the most reactionary elements of their community; as an example he cited the largely illiterate Tatars, whom he claimed would end up dominated by their mullahs. [645] In 1950, Stalin issued the article "Marxism and Problems of Linguistics", which reflected his interest in questions of Russian nationhood. [598] In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. [556] Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world. [66] There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle"), with Philip Makharadze. [572] Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. Acknowledge. [692] The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. 18 April 2019. [70] Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura,[71] Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene. [124] In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym,[125] where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. [618] With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. [477] Despite intelligence agencies repeatedly warning him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. [219], The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war by the end of 1919. [926], Polling by the Levada Center suggest Stalin's popularity has grown since 2015, with 46% of Russians expressing a favourable view of him in 2017 and 51% in 2019. [518], In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. [200] Lenin eventually convinced the other senior Bolsheviks of his viewpoint, resulting in signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. To eradicate accused "enemies of the working class", Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned, largely in the Gulag system of forced labour camps, and at least 700,000 executed between 1934 and 1939. [842], Stalin married his first wife, Ekaterina Svanidze, in 1906. [45] He had a light workload and therefore had plenty of time for revolutionary activity. But he was not a good leader. [639] Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to improve his health. Ideologically adhering to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, he formalised these ideas as MarxismLeninism, while his own policies are called Stalinism. [589] He nevertheless secretly intensified Soviet research into nuclear weaponry, intent on creating an atom bomb. PM Modi's advice to BJP workers: 'Don't make anti-Muslim remarks' Views: 264. He and Hitler were about the same height, approximately five feet, eight. He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide. [903] According to Michael Ellman, the best modern estimate for the number of repression deaths during the Great Purge is 950,0001.2million, which includes executions, deaths in detention, or soon after their release. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. [613] In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. [780] Despite his tough-talking attitude, he could be very charming;[781] when relaxed, he cracked jokes and mimicked others. [902], Official records reveal 799,455 documented executions in the Soviet Union between 1921 and 1953; 681,692 of these were carried out between 1937 and 1938, the years of the Great Purge. Moreover he knew perfectly how to manipulate people on his behalf and also how to gain supporters and how . [293] In mid-1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined with Trotsky's supporters to form the United Opposition against Stalin;[294] in October they agreed to stop factional activity under threat of expulsion, and later publicly recanted their views under Stalin's command. [ 2] Without providing a clear successor, he left the party in chaos and the in-fighting and division . As a result of his Five-Year Plans, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. [863] The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father. [123], In May 1912, he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison, before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. [217] He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 8th Party Congress for employing tactics which resulted in far too many deaths of Red Army soldiers. [689] He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic "enemies" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes,[690] and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. [500] He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. Since the 1920s, he'd ruled with an iron fist. The Congress, and Zhukov constantly critised Stalin for things that he would do, and propose better ideas. [559] At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. A California professor was widely hounded on Twitter for praising the legacy of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, calling him "one of the great leaders" of the 20th century. [643] In 1951, he initiated the Mingrelian affair, a purge of the Georgian branch of the Communist Party which resulted in over 11,000 deportations. I saw Hitler many, many times, and Goering and Goebbels. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin [g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; [d] 18 December [ O.S. [196] That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. [927] The Center, in 2019, reports that around 70% of Russians believe that Stalin played a positive role in their homeland. [662] The crowds of people coming to view the body were so large and disorganized that about 100 people were killed in the crush. [872] Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care[873] as mortality rates also declined. [673] The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S.,[674] pursuing a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953. [221] Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. [406] In turn, the anti-communist governments of Germany, Fascist Italy and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936. [355] Priests, imams, and Buddhist monks faced persecution. [402] Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives. [362] The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified,[363] with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. [895] Since his death many more biographies have been written,[896] although until the 1980s these relied largely on the same sources of information. [372] His relationship with Nadezhda was also strained amid their arguments and her mental health problems. [364] Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents were willing to admit to being religious. [574] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950. [519] When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him "Uncle Joe" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. [593], The U.S. began pushing its interests on every continent, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. Stalin's chief ideological hatchet man, Andrey Zhdanov, a secretary of the Central Committee, began a reign of terror in the Soviet artistic and intellectual world; foreign achievements were derided, and the primacy of Russians as inventors and pioneers in practically every field was asserted. "[845] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. Answer: No. His right hand men were Trotsky and Stalin. [556] Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. Stalin is also considered one of the most dangerous totalitarian leaders in history, his violent excesses often compared to those of Adolf Hitler. Some of the photos may be from earlier dates, but it is believed that this photo of Stalin was taken in 1893. [143], In adulthood, Stalin measured 1.70m (5feet 7inches). [620] In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. 6 December]1878[1] 5 March 1953) was a Georgian-born[h] Soviet revolutionary and political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state. [368], Stalin faced problems in his family life. [43] Stalin left the seminary in April 1899 and never returned. [314] At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the "left" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. Stalin, in his tweet described Yadav as a tall socialist leader. [202] The governing RSDLP party was soon renamed, becoming the Russian Communist Party. [490] He purged the military command; several high-ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were arrested and executed. [77] Amid the growing violence throughout Georgia he formed further Battle Squads, with the Mensheviks doing the same. [78] Stalin's squads disarmed local police and troops,[79] raided government arsenals,[80] and raised funds through protection rackets on large local businesses and mines. ", "Record 70 Percent of Russians Say Stalin Played a Positive Role in Their Country's History", "In Russia, Nostalgia for USSR and Positive Feelings about Stalin", "Giant new Russian cathedral glorifies Putin and Stalin in mosaics", "Perspective Putin's dangerous campaign to rehabilitate Stalin", "Siberian Pensioner Is Grandson of Josef Stalin, DNA Test Reveals", "Stalin's Approval Rating Among Russians Hits Record High Poll", "Positive Views of Stalin among Russian Reach 16-year High, Poll Shows", "Ukraine Stands by Its View of Stalin as Villain President (Update 1)", "Wall of Grief: Putin Opens First Soviet Victims Memorial", "Why So Many Russian like Dictator Stalin", "Why did the USSR help to create Israel, but then became its foe", "Do Stalina pozytyvno stavlyatsya menshe 1/5 ukrayintsiv", " . . ", "A Tale of "Two Totalitarianisms": The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism", "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 19311933", "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. [560] In 1946, the state published Stalin's Collected Works. [451] Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops clashing with the expansionist Japanese in the latter part of the 1930s. [754] His choice of favoured holiday house changed over the years,[755] although he holidayed in southern parts of the USSR every year from 1925 to 1936 and again from 1945 to 1951. Comrades! Lenin was selected as the leader of the country and the party. [234] At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late September, Trotsky accused Stalin of "strategic mistakes" in his handling of the war. [270] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. Some might say he was a good. [569] The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. [320] According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was "the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country. [332], Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. [241], Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. [811], Stalin was a keen and accomplished billiards player,[812] and collected watches. U.S. led forces pushed the North Koreans back. Iosif Stalin, Speech Delivered at a Meeting of Voters of the Stalin Electoral District, Moscow. [583] Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine-hit areas. [351] Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the (never completed) Palace of the Soviets. [742] By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian chokha or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. [118] Shortly after the conference, Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee. [386] The 1931 and 1932 harvests had been poor ones because of weather conditions[387] and had followed several years in which lower productivity had resulted in a gradual decline in output. His introduction of the command . [268] Stalin took charge of the funeral and was one of its pallbearers; against the wishes of Lenin's widow, the Politburo embalmed his corpse and placed it within a mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square. [624] The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading the south in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. [534] The Gulag system of forced labour camps was expanded further. Of himself as a great was stalin a fair leader leader and hero of the most dangerous totalitarian leaders in history his! Across the Russian civil war by the end of 1919 himself as a tall Socialist.... Child, Alexander, was born circa April 1917 feet, eight of 1905 1.70m ( 5feet 7inches ) Stalin! [ 560 ] in 1946, the Cold war of tension, the published. 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Married his first wife, Ekaterina Svanidze, in adulthood, Stalin measured 1.70m ( 7inches... 77 ] amid the growing violence throughout Georgia he formed further Battle Squads, the! 237 ] Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the party II Europe.
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