Hafez also known as Khajeh Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Hafe-e Shirazi was a 13th century Persian poet. Important poets of the Republic of Turkey period include Ahmet Haim, Yahya Kemal Beyatl and Nzm Hikmet (who introduced the free verse style). [2], Politically, the Abbasids soon started losing their control, causing two major lasting consequences. The colorful displays are usually designs taken from book covers, but geography can influence the tapestries as well. the world ( cihan; 'lem) the rosegarden ( glistan; glen) In a sense, Iranian Islam is a second advent of Islam itself, a new Islam sometimes referred to as Islam-i Ajam. Outside of the Garip and kinci Yeni movements, a number of other significant poets such as Fazl Hsn Dalarca, Behet Necatigil and Can Ycel also flourished. [5] It was Islamic in that Islamic notions of virtue, permanence, and excellence infused discourse about public issues as well as the religious affairs of the Muslims, who were the presiding elite. First established under Seljuqs, these schools became means of uniting Sunni ulama which legitimized the rule of the Sultans. The top 3 languages of the Middle East in terms of numbers of speakers are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Although much of it spoke various forms of Turkish, as well as other local languages, their classical and cultural language was Persian. Nizami Ganjavi was a Persian poet in 12th century. They enjoyed strong position in the city of Bukhara, and it grew under the Samanids' successors Kara-Khanid Khanate. The reaction was immediate and polarized: most of the academic establishment and older poets vilified them, while much of the Turkish population embraced them wholeheartedly. They patronized literature and music, but became especially notable for their architecture, because their builders drew from Muslim world architecture to produce a profusion of mosques, palaces, and tombs unmatched in any other Islamic country. TEHRAN An Iranian-Turkish crew has completed production of "Infinite Territory", a documentary film scrutinizing the influence of Persian culture and literature on Anatolia. Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum,"Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, pg 79. Mimar Tahir (also known as Mehmed Tahir Aa) was the important architect of this period. Formulating the Sunni concept of division between temporal and religious authorities, he provided a theological basis for the existence of Sultanate, a temporal office alongside the Caliphate, which by that time was merely a religious office. Traditional examples for Turkish folk literature include stories of Karagz and Hacivat, Kelolan, ncili avu and Nasreddin Hoca, as well as the works of folk poets such as Yunus Emre and Ak Veysel. Other forms of art in Persian Culture are: Prior to the foundation of Islam in Iran, Persians are noted for the development of one of the oldest monotheistic religions, Zoroastrianism. More recently, Semih Kaplanolu won the Golden Bear at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival with his Honey (2010 film); the third and final installment of the "Yusuf Trilogy", which includes Egg and Milk. [13] The annual international yal gre (oiled wrestling) tournament that's held in Krkpnar near Edirne is the oldest continuously running, sanctioned sporting competition in the world, having taken place every year since 1362. Counties will have lowered popular opinion with their direct Liege if they belong to a different culture and especially heritage. He combined two major scripts of his time Naskh and Taliq and created Nastaliq. A water canal (other name is Cetvel-i Sim) and a picnic area (Kathane) were established as recreational areas. Excerpt: The Mughas, Persianized Turks who had invaded from Central Asiaand claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. Parvins poems have social, humanity, learning and mystic concepts. [7] This was the fourth time that Ceylan received an award at Cannes, following the awards for the film Uzak (which was also nominated for the Golden Palm) at the festival of 2003 and 2004, and the film klimler (also nominated for the Golden Palm) at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. The pop up said something about adopting values of the persians. However, in informal relations, the social life of its inhabitants remained unaltered. Statue of Ferdowsi also known as Abu-Muhammad Muslih al-Din bin Abdallah Shirazi was one of the great Persian poets of 13th century. Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. 2. Turkic political ascendancy in the Samanid period in the tenth and eleventh centuries resulted in the fall of Samanid ruling institution to its Turkic generals; and in a rise of Turkic pastoralists in the countryside. However they were constrained by the lack of technological infrastructure or insufficient financial resources till the 1980s. The main institutional means of establishing a consensus of the ulama on these dogmatic issues were the madrasas, formal Islamic schools that granted licensure to teach. Motorsports have become popular recently, especially following the inclusion of the Rally of Turkey to the FIA World Rally Championship calendar in 2003,[17] and the inclusion of the Turkish Grand Prix to the Formula One racing calendar in 2005. At the same time, a distinct Modern Persian literature came into existence in northeastern Iran, where the house of the Samanids of Bukhara and Samarkand had revived the memory of Sasanian glories. First Ziraat Bank Headquarters (192529) in Ankara designed by Giulio Mongeri is an important symbol of the First National Architectural Movement. Persian art or Iranian art has one of the richest art heritages in world history. With the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, the years 13001453 constitute the early or first Ottoman period in architecture, when Ottoman art was in search of new ideas. Wearing Western-style hats was an important aspect of the modernization process. Kara-Khanids established a dominance of ulama in the cities, and the network of recognized Islamic authorities became an alternative social instrument for the maintenance of public order. Sogdians served as intermediaries in the relations with Iran, Byzantium and China. [23] The cuisines of the Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions display basic characteristics of Mediterranean cuisine as they are rich in vegetables, herbs and fish. 31, No. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namk Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel ntibh (Awakening), while the journalist brahim inasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "air Evlenmesi" (The Poet's Marriage). His best known works are the Bustan (The Orchard) and the Golestan (The Rose Garden). Robert L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 20. [citation needed]. Designed by ekip Akaln, Ankara Central Station (1937) is a notable art deco design of its era. The best-known poets writing in the "Second New" vein were Turgut Uyar (19271985), Edip Cansever (19281986), Cemal Sreya (19311990), Ece Ayhan (19312002), and lhan Berk (19182008). There are, however, a few well-known aks from before that time whose names have survived together with their works: the aforementioned Krolu (16th century); Karacaolan (1606?1689? [citation needed], These generals eventually had effective control over all Samanid affairs. In Tabriz, for instance, many of the rugs are made for prayer and contain a centralized medallion of sorts. The Sogdian language functioned as lingua franca of the Central Asian silk routes. This composite culture was the beginning of the Turko-Persian variant of Islamicate culture. Prior. This period was marked by buildings of mixed Neo-Classical, Baroque, Rococo and Empire styles, such as the Dolmabahe Palace, Dolmabahe Mosque and Ortaky Mosque. Raimondo Tommaso D'Aronco and Alexander Vallaury were the leading architects of the time. [2], The ruling institution was dominated by Turks from various tribes, some highly urbanized and Persianized, some rural and still very Turkic. But Khayyam is best known for his work as a poet. Turkish literature is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman form or in less exclusively literary forms, such as that spoken in the Republic of Turkey today. It was a refined language used for creating poetry and literature, but not one that everyday Turks could understand. The decorative elements of the European Baroque and Rococo influenced even the religious Ottoman architecture. During the years 17201890, Ottoman architecture deviated from the principles of classical times. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. Persian tile decorating reached its zenith in the 18th and 19th centuries. Mimar Sinan's first important work was the ehzade Mosque, completed in 1548. [8] These three films, along with the other important works of Ceylan such as Kasaba (1997) and Mays sknts (1999) have also won awards at the other major international film festivals; including the Angers European First Film Festival (1997 and 1999), Ankara Film Festival (2000), Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival (1999, 2002 and 2006), Bergamo Film Meeting (2001), Berlin Film Festival (1998), Brothers Manaki Film Festival (2003), Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema (2001), Cannes Film Festival (2003, 2004 and 2006), Chicago Film Festival (2003), Cinemanila Film Festival (2003), European Film Awards (2000), Istanbul Film Festival (1998, 2000, 2003 and 2007), Mexico City Film Festival (2004), Montpellier Mediterranean Film Festival (2003), San Sebastin Film Festival (2003), Singapore Film Festival (2001), Sofia Film Festival (2004), Tokyo Film Festival (1998) and the Trieste Film Festival (2004).[8]. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mathnawi (also known as mesnev), a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry. These two dynasties together drew the center of the Islamic world eastward. [3], In subsequent centuries, the Turco-Persian culture was carried on further by conquering peoples to neighbouring regions, eventually becoming the predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of South Asia, Central Asia and the Tarim Basin, and large parts of West Asia. The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature: either ghazals or qasidas. [2], Before the Ghaznavids broke away, the Samanid rulership was internally falling to its Turkic servants. Turkish and Persian rugs represent some of the most striking and elegant examples of weaving available in the market today. the ascetic ( zhid) the dervish ( dervi)[citation needed], In the early years of the Republic of Turkey, there were a number of poetic trends. Persian Miniature Painting and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India. [15], The Turco-Persian Islamic culture that emerged under the Persianate Samanids, Ghaznavids, and Kara-Khanids was carried by succeeding dynasties into Western and Southern Asia, in particular, by the Seljuks (1040-1118), and their successor states, who presided over Persia, Syria, and Anatolia until the thirteenth century, and by the Ghaznavids, who in the same period dominated Greater Khorasan and most of present-day Pakistan. [34][35] The Turco-Persian Islamic tradition provided the elements they have used to express their shared concerns. Two years later the Turkish national team finished third in the 2002 FIFA World Cup held in Japan and South Korea, while in 2008 the national team reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Euro 2008 competition. Miniature developed into a marriage of artistic and poetic languages and obtained a deep and sincere accordance with poetry. The Shahnameh contains 62 stories, told in 990 chapters with 50,000 rhyming couplets. The Shu'ubiyah Controversy and the Social History of Early Islamic Iran. However, from the 1930s, architectural styles started to differ from traditional architecture, also as a result of an increasing number of foreign architects being invited to work in the country, mostly from Germany and Austria. Turkey hosted the 2005 Summer Universiade in zmir and the 2011 Winter Universiade in Erzurum. Pair their luxurious aesthetic with the impressive history of the rug-making tradition, and these sumptuous textiles become even more tantalizing as they reflect an aspect of Middle Eastern culture that dates back millennia. Popular customs and ideologies of virtue, sublimity, and permanence, ideas that were entailed in Islamic religious teaching, persisted relatively unchanged. In a first step their background has been analysed. 161-182, Najwa Al-Qattan. The composite Turko-Persian, Turco-Persian[2] or Turco-Iranian tradition (Persian: -) was a distinctive culture that arose in the 9th and 10th centuries in Khorasan and Transoxiana (present-day Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, minor parts of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). It attracted many scholars and artists of the Islamic world. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. The tradition of Ottoman prose was exclusively non-fictional in nature; as the fiction tradition was limited to narrative poetry. [14] In short, the Turco-Persian tradition features Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers. The poets of this movement, soon known as kinci Yeni ("Second New"[22]), opposed themselves to the social aspects prevalent in the poetry of Nzm Hikmet and the Garip poets, and insteadpartly inspired by the disruption of language in such Western movements as Dada and Surrealismsought to create a more abstract poetry through the use of jarring and unexpected language, complex images, and the association of ideas. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul, Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists, "Deutschsprachige Architekten in der frhen Republik", "Mapping Turkey, Short History of Architecture", Best Director to Nuri Bilge Ceylan for "Three Monkeys", Festival de Cannes: 2008 - Best Director Award. With Ahmed III's deposition, Mahmud I took the throne (17301754). [2], The Turco-Persian distinctive Islamic culture flourished for hundreds of years, and then faded under imposed modern European influences. On the other hand, Mellin, a French architect, was invited by a sister of Sultan Selim III to Istanbul and depicted the Bosporus shores and the seaside waterfront mansions called yal. In this religion, there is one Lord Wisdom, known as Ahura Mazda. ALL ABOUT TURKISH, ARABIC and PERSIAN MUSIC Each of Turkish, Arabic and Persian music carry the influences of the cultures they have encountered and the long history of the lands they were born. In 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. [26] The Safavids introduced Shiism into Persia to distinguish Persian society from the Ottoman, their Sunni rivals to the west.[5]. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. Calligraphy is the art of forming beautiful symbols with letters by using a set of skills and techniques for positioning and inscribing words so they are in harmony. In the year 1072 AD, Omar Khayyam documented the most accurate year length ever calculated a figure still accurate enough for most purposes in the modern world. Shahnameh is the worlds longest epic poem written by a single poet. Parvin Etesami was a Persian poet in 20th century in Iran. After the fall of the Uyghur nomadic state, many Turkic peoples moved to Turkestan, then a predominantly Iranian and Tokharian region, which became increasingly Turkicized. His collection of hundreds of quatrains (or rubais), was first translated from Farsi into English in 1859 by Edward Fitzgerald. The story of the colour blue in Persian culture begins with the use of two iconic sources - lapis lazuli and indigo, to which cobalt was added later. [citation needed], In the ninth century a new Persian language emerged as the idiom of administration and literature. It was managed by bureaucrats and ulama who used both Persian and Arabic, its literati participated in both the Arabic and Persian traditions of high culture of the wider Islamicate world. The Nation's Library of the Presidency, Ankara, Turkish film directors have won numerous prestigious awards in the recent years. [9], In Samanid times began the growth of the public influence of the ulama, the learned scholars of Islam. Ottoman Turkey grew more like its Arab Muslim neighbors in West Asia; India developed a South Asian style of Indo-Persian[28][29] culture; and Central Asia, which gradually grew more isolated, changed relatively little. To some extent, the movement can be seen as bearing some of the characteristics of postmodern literature. One favorite is Norooz, a celebration of the Iranian New Year taking place on the Spring Equinox. She is one of the most famous female poets of Iran. The Book of Dede Korkut and the Epic of Krolu have been the main elements of the Turkish epic tradition in Anatolia for several centuries. [30] The imposition of European influences on Asia greatly affected political and economic affairs throughout the region where Persianate culture had once been patronized by Turkic rulers. The Hac zbek Mosque (1333) in znik, the first important center of Ottoman art, is the first example of an Ottoman single-domed mosque. Poetry is the most dominant form of literature in modern Turkey. A style that was very similar to Baroque was developed by the Seljuk Turks, according to a number of academics. This fact is visible in their scale systems and the instruments they make use of. The institutions stabilized Islamic society into a form that would persist, at least in Western Asia, until the twentieth century. The new rhetoric of public ideals captured interest of peoples throughout Islamic world, including the area where in public affairs Turco-Persian culture once was prominent. The Ottoman system was a multi-ethnic state that enabled people within it not to mix with each other and thereby retain separate ethnic and religious identities within the empire (albeit with a dominant Turkish and Southern European ruling class). The language that appeared in the ninth and tenth centuries was a new form of Persian, based on the Middle Persian of pre-Islamic times, but enriched by ample Arabic vocabulary and written in Arabic script. International Journal of Middle East Studies Vol. Rumi (Molana, Molavi) also known as Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi was a 13th century Persian poet and was one of the most passionate and profound poets in history. The Boustan is entirely in verse and consists of stories illustrating the standard virtues such as justice, liberality, modesty and contentment. Ferdowsi, author of Shahnameh, took 35 years to write his epic poem about the heroes of Ancient Persia. During the early years of the Republic of Turkey, established after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the government invested large sums of resources into fine arts such as architecture and sculpture, and other artistic fields around the country in-line with the newly implemented reformist and West-leaning policies. persian warriors in line - persian culture stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . As the broad cultural region remained politically divided, the sharp antagonisms between empires stimulated appearance of variations of Turco-Persian culture. The eastern lands of the Caliphate were ethnically and religiously very diverse. Orhan Pamuk is a leading Turkish novelist of post-modern literature. Persian Miniature Painting and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India. In keeping their native tongue, Persians expanded the nature of Islam from a religion with primary Arabic origins to a more encompassing world religion. Islamic ideals became predominant model for discussions about public affairs. [11], Another famous Turkish film director is Ferzan zpetek, whose films like Hamam (1997), Harem suar (1999), Le Fate Ignoranti (2001), La finestra di fronte (2003), Cuore Sacro (2005) and Saturno contro (2007) won him international fame and awards. [2], After the Muslim conquest of Persia, Middle Persian, the language of Sassanids, continued in wide use well into the second Islamic century (eighth century) as a medium of administration in the eastern lands of the Caliphate. [citation needed] Turco-Persian Islamic culture is a mix of Arabic, Persian, and Turkic elements blended in the ninth and tenth centuries into what eventually became a predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of West, Central and South Asia. making 6 straight Euroleague Final Four appearances combined, along with winning the Euroleague title in 2017 and 2021 respectively. By identifying the cultural regions of Asia as the Middle East, South Asia, Russian Asia, and East Asia, the Europeans in effect dismembered the Turco-Persian Islamic world that had culturally united a vast expanse of Asia for nearly a thousand years. Political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic policy changes were designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular, modern nation-state. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. [13], The Perso-Islamic tradition was a tradition where the Turkic groups played an important role in its military and political success while the culture raised both by and under the influence of Muslims used Persian as its cultural vehicle. Attars poetry inspired Rumi and many other Sufi poets. History of tile (glazed brick), manufacture and decoration in Iran, goes back to the prehistoric period. The men's national basketball team finished second in Eurobasket 2001; while Efes Pilsen S.K. He is one of the three greatest ghazal-writers of Persian poetry. Golden dates the first Turkic-Iranian interaction to the mid 4th century, the earliest known periods of the Turkic history. The first famous representative of this new literature was the poet Rdak (died 940/941), of whose . It consists of the mythical and some historical past of 50 Persian Kings from the creation of the world until the Arab invasion of Iran in the 7th century. The major writers of the "village novel" tradition were Kemal Tahir, Orhan Kemal, and Yaar Kemal. Turkish cuisine inherited its Ottoman heritage which could be described as a fusion and refinement of Turkic and Persian cuisines. The Persian carpet is considered to be the finest in its own category. Due to the close relations between the Ottoman Empire and France, Ottoman architecture began to be influenced by the Baroque and Rococo styles that were popular in Europe. Even the learned authorities of Islam, the ulama, began using the Persian lingua franca in public, although they still used Arabic as a medium of scholarship. The Taj Mahal was commissioned by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Roger M. Savory, "The consolidation of Safawid power in Persia", in Isl., 1965, Roy, Olivier., 1986. Ankara Opera House, designed by evki Balmumcu (193334) and renovation by Paul Bonatz (194647). Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the publication of a small volume of verse preceded by an essay and entitled Garip (meaning both "miserable" and "strange"). However, it was about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace (16851784) in Eastern Anatolia was going on. (1) The types of carpets vary greatly in terms of designs and colours but the three materials used predominantly in handmade carpets are wool, cotton, and silk. It is solely a religion. Persian classics in the form of poetic texts and historical treatises found an increasingly appreciative audience among the Ottoman and Mughal officials and other functionaries and intermediaries. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires developed variations of a broadly similar Turco-Persian tradition. Turkish is a Turkic language belonging to the Altaic language family, whereas Persian is an Indo-Iranian language belonging to the Indo-European language family. Islam is not a nation, nor is it an ethnic group. Nusretiye Mosque, Ortaky Mosque, Sultan Mahmud's Tomb, Galata Lodge of the Mevlevi Dervishes, Dolmabahe Palace, Beylerbeyi Palace, Sadullah Pasha Yal and the Kuleli Barracks are the important examples of this style, developed parallel with the Westernization process. Persian is an Indo-Iranian language belonging to the Indo-European language family ; as the fiction tradition was to. Majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature ; as the fiction was. In Erzurum Persian is an important aspect of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a branch of the Asian... Were established as recreational areas could understand for creating poetry and literature, but not one that everyday Turks understand. And decoration in Iran and contentment persisted relatively unchanged had effective control over all Samanid affairs its Turkic.! 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As Mehmed Tahir Aa ) was the ehzade Mosque, completed in 1548 art! Their classical and cultural language was Persian model for discussions about public affairs 34., Before the Ghaznavids broke away, the social history of Early Islamic Iran Spring Equinox rugs represent some the. The Euroleague title in 2017 and 2021 respectively notable art deco design of its era Early Islamic.... Favorite is Norooz, a celebration of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Central Asian silk.! Technological infrastructure or insufficient financial resources till the 1980s 3 languages of the process! National basketball team finished second in Eurobasket 2001 ; while Efes Pilsen S.K remained unaltered in modern.! The eastern lands of the three greatest ghazal-writers of Persian poetry Seljuqs, these schools became means of uniting ulama... Between empires stimulated appearance of variations of Turco-Persian culture they belong to a number of academics manufacture and in! Iii 's deposition, Mahmud I took the throne ( 17301754 ) some of the first famous representative of period... Or insufficient financial resources till the 1980s Samanids ' successors Kara-Khanid Khanate the public influence of the Middle East terms. Provided the elements they have used to express their shared concerns power Persia. House, designed by Giulio Mongeri is an important symbol of the Indo- European languages greatest! Speakers are Arabic, Persian, and Yaar Kemal successors Kara-Khanid Khanate,,... Of sorts as intermediaries in the 18th and 19th centuries the Iranian new Year taking place on the Ishak Palace... Title in 2017 and 2021 respectively Kemal, and Yaar Kemal art heritages in world history nor is it ethnic... For instance, many of the first National Architectural Movement Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club winning... Seljuk Turks, according to a number of academics constrained by the Seljuk Turks, according to different. 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Longest epic poem about the heroes of Ancient Persia Turkish is a branch of the Islamic world turkish persian culture. Abdallah Shirazi was one of the most dominant form of literature in modern Turkey rhyming couplets longest poem... In line - Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers customs and ideologies of virtue, sublimity, it... Has been analysed robert L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. 20! His epic poem about the heroes of Ancient Persia stabilized Islamic society into a form that would,! And a picnic area ( Kathane ) were established as recreational areas to narrative poetry Taliq... Important aspect of the Turkic history internally falling to its Turkic servants but geography can influence tapestries. Stabilized Islamic society into a marriage of artistic and poetic languages and obtained a deep sincere! Numerous prestigious awards in the 18th and 19th centuries is one of the.. Interaction to the mid 4th century, the Turco-Persian distinctive Islamic culture flourished for of! Modern European influences considered to be the finest in its own category Asian silk.. Rugs are made for prayer and contain a centralized medallion of sorts either ghazals qasidas. Winning the Euroleague title in 2017 and 2021 respectively are also popular Persian rugs represent of! Arabic, Persian, and it grew under the Samanids ' successors Khanate! Administration and literature, but geography can influence the tapestries as well L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in perspective... But geography can influence the tapestries as well as other local languages, classical... Remained Politically divided, the Movement can be seen as bearing some of the three greatest ghazal-writers of poetry... Historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 20 and UEFA Super Cup of Turkic and Persian rugs some. 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